Waktu kelas Bahasa Inggris, saya disuruh membuat suatu assignment tentang sentences. Ga tanggung-tanggung, baru awal kuliah udah dikasih tugas kaya gini, jumlahnya juga harus 12 halaman. Daripada apa yang telah saya buat dibiarkan menganggur begitu saja, lebih baik saya share aja :) . (Maaf kalo ada kata-kata yang aneh atau konteks pembuatan kalimatnya yang rada ngaco)
Sentences
Making a paragraph is one of the basic training to improve our skill in writing. To make a good paragraph, we must know how to create the sentences which develop the paragraph. The sentences are a vital part of making a paragraph, because the sentences can be used as the explanation of writer’s opinions or information written in the paragraph. The writers always use a variety of sentences to make their paragraph interesting. They create the effective and correct sentences in their paragraph. Too many short sentences in the paragraph will make the information described in the paragraph incomplete, while making too many long sentences will make the paragraph difficult to be read or understood by the readers. Every reader will be attracted to read if the writer can create a good paragraph. In conclusion, we must know how to make a good sentence before we make a paragraph.
A sentence is built by the clauses. A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. The clauses can be divided into two kinds:
1. Independent clause
2. Dependent clause
1. Independent clause
An independent clause is a form of clause that contains a subject and a verb. This kind of clause can stand alone as a sentence, because it expresses a complete though. An independent clause can be used as a simple sentence. Besides a subject and a verb, a complement can be added to the clause, but it doesn’t have to have one.
The structure of independent clause is formed with:
Subject + Verb (+ Complement)
Example:
· I want to go home, but it’s still raining outside.
· Newspaper is a kind of media mass.
· The mechanist repairs the washing machine.
2. Dependent clause
A dependent clause is a form of clause that contains a subject and a verb, but this clause can’t stand alone as a sentence. Contrast with independent clause, dependent clause doesn’t express a complete though. This kind of clause is depended on another clause to make the clause have a complete though. To make a dependent clause, a subordinator such as if, when, or although, is required as a beginning of clause, followed by subject and verb.
The structure of dependent clause is formed with:
Subordinator + Subject + Verb (+ Complement)
Dependent clauses can be divided into three types:
1. Noun clause
2. Adjective clause
3. Adverb clause
1. Noun clause
Noun clauses can be used as noun. So, noun clauses function as the subject or object in a sentence. Noun clauses begin with question words such as what, where, when, why, who, how, or other words like if, whether, or that. Although noun clauses begin with question words, they have the same order as a statement, not a question. They also don’t use auxiliary verbs like do, does or did. No commas (,) are necessary.
Example:
· I don’t know why he isn’t come to my party.
· My father tells me that one of my chickens is dead.
· I wonder who send me this letter.
2. Adjective clause
Adjectives clauses (relative clause) can be used as adjective. They can modify nouns or pronouns. Adjective clauses use relative pronouns such as who, which, whose, and whom or that. They can use relative adverbs such as where and when. A relative pronoun in an adjective clause carries the following information about the noun to which it refers. For example, we use who if the noun refers to person and which if the noun refers to thing. We use whose in relative clause instead of his/her/their. Whom is possible instead of who (for people) when it is the object of the verb in relative clauses. The word that doesn’t carry the person or thing information. It can be singular or plural refers to the noun that the clause described. Where is used in relative clause to talk about places and when is used to talk about time or event.
Example:
· The boy who is sitting on the chair is my brother.
· The book, which was borrowed by me last week, is a chemistry book.
· We saw some people whose car had broken down.
· The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.
· The letter that was sent yesterday is a personal letter.
· The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
Adjective clauses with relative pronouns or that can be reduced. When an adjective clause is reduced to an adjective phrase, the first step is deleting the subject of the clause. If the verb is in progressive tense (present or past progressive), the helping verb –be also needs to be deleted.
If the verb in the clause is in the active voice, the adjective phrase remains active. If the verb is in the passive voice, the adjective phrase stays in the passive voice.
If the verb in the clause isn’t in progressive tense, different step is used to reduce the adjective clause. For active adjectives, -ing has to be added to the simple form of the verb (without the present or the past tense). Passive verbs remain unchanged.
Example:
· One of the students who reading in the library is my brother.
· One of the students reading in the library is my brother. (Who is deleted)
· The book which was borrowed by me last week from the library is gone now.
· The book borrowed by me last week from the library is gone now. (Which is deleted)
· The man, who sleeps in the sofa, will be your rival in chess tournament.
· The man sleeping in the sofa will be your rival in chess tournament. (Who sleeps is replaced by sleeping)
3. Adverb clauses
Adverb clause can be used as adverb. They can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. An adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as after, although, as, because, even though, etc. There are some possibilities in positioning an adverb clause. It can be positioned before or after the independent clause. If it comes before the independent clause, it is followed by comma (,). If it comes after the independent clause, comma (,) isn’t used. If we put incorrect adverbial subordinator in the sentence, the readers will feel confused in order to understand the meaning of the sentence.
Example:
· After working hard, finally I can take a rest for a while.
· My friend decides to stay home because it’s raining outside.
Adverb clause can be reduced to participial phrases. To reduce an adverb clause, first step is examining the subject of independent clause/main clause and the subject of the adverb clause. If both of them are same, the reduction can be processed. If the subjects aren’t same, the reduction can’t be processed.
Example:
· After the rain stopped, we went for a walk. (The subject of independent clause, we, and the subject of adverb clause, the rain, is different. So, the reduction can’t be processed)
When the subject of the adverb clause is replaced by a pronoun in the independent clause, the subject of the clause has to be moved. If the verb in the adverb clause is active, -ing needs to be added to the simple form of the verb. If the verb in adverb clause is passive, -ing needs to be added to helping verb be. If –ing is already added to be, it doesn’t need to be added again.
Example:
· After I and my friend finished our assignment, finally we can go home.
· After finishing our homework, finally I and my friend can go home. (Word finished is replaced by finishing, and the subject in the independent clause, we, is deleted and replaced by the subject in adverb clause, I and my friend)
· After the e-mail is received, I will reply it immediately.
· After being received, I will reply the e-mail immediately. (Word is received is replaced by received, and word being is added in the adverb clause)
When reducing adverb clauses, subordinator as and because must be deleted. The words before and since can’t be deleted in clauses of time. The words after, while and when have to remain if the adverb clause follows the independent clause. If the adverb clause is in front of the independent clause, they may be deleted.
As we know, the independent clause can stand alone while the dependent clause can’t stand alone. In order to make the dependent clause have a though meaning, we can join it with the independent clause. To connect clauses in order to form different kinds of sentences, there are three groups of words that can be used. They are:
1. Subordinators (subordinating conjunctions)
2. Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions)
3. Conjunctive adverbs
1. Subordinators (Subordinating Conjunctions)
Subordinators are used in the adverb clauses and adjective clauses. We use subordinators such as because, if, and although for adverb clauses and words who, which, whom, whose, and that for adjective clauses. Subordinator show different kinds of relationship between two clauses. They may show cause and effect (because, so, as, since), time (when, while, after, before, until, as soon as), condition (if, unless), or a contradiction (even though, although). The sentence will be false or confused the readers if we use incorrect subordinator to join the clauses. So, be careful to use right subordinator in order to join the clauses. Check the meaning of dependent clause and independent clause to know which subordinator must be used.
Example:
· Because of my sickness, I can’t go to my friend’s birthday now.
· When he arrives, we will ready for the presentation.
· You won’t be smart unless you study hard and be a diligent boy.
· Although my leg is hurt, I still play football in this tournament.
2. Coordinators (Coordinating Conjunctions)
Coordinator (coordinating conjunctions) may link similar ideas (and), opposite or contradictory ideas (but), or choices (or, nor). There are seven coordinators and we can remember all of them by the phrases FAN BOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
Example:
· The recent technology is more effective and efficient to make our live easier.
· I want to see a movie this night, but I have many assignments to do.
· I have some plans for next holiday weekend. Sight-seeing to the zoo or hiking to the mountain?
3. Conjunctive adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs are used to join two or more independent clauses or sentences. When connecting two clauses, they may be preceded by a semicolon (;). There are many kinds of conjunctive adverbs, such as accordingly, therefore, consequently, however, nevertheless, in addition, moreover, etc. Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, accordingly, hence, and consequently are used to show a cause and effect relationship between two clauses. These conjunctive adverbs have similarity with coordinator so. Words however and nevertheless are used to show something that contradicts a main clause. These conjunctive words have similarity with coordinators but and yet. Words in addition, moreover, and furthermore are used to show that something is added to the idea of a main clause. These conjunctive adverbs have similarity with coordinator and. Word otherwise is used to show about choices. It have similarity with coordinator or. Be careful to use correct conjunctive adverb to join two independent clauses. The important thing to do is check the meaning of each independent clause, and join them with correct conjunctive adverb.
Example:
· He always trains hard for this tournament; therefore, he will have the big chance to be a champion in the tournament.
· She has prepares everything for the exam; however, she get a cold and can’t attend the exam today.
· There will be a memo on the subject; in addition, there will be an announcement.
· Every contestant must submit this form to the committee; otherwise, they will be failed in registration session.
After learning about the clauses, we now have some knowledge how to write a good paragraph. The clauses are an important aspect in order to create a good paragraph. We can create a sentence by combining two or more clauses added by subordinator, coordinator, or conjunctive adverb. By using correct words and the connector, the meaning of sentence created by us can be informed to the readers with no misunderstanding. Now, we will learn about the sentence itself.
A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb. Like an independent clause, a sentence expresses a complete though. There are four kinds of sentence:
1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound-complex sentence
1. Simple sentence
The most basic type of sentence is the simple sentence. A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. The subject tells who or what did something. The verb tells the action (or condition) did by the subject. The subject and the verb in a simple sentence may be a compound subject or verb.
Example:
· Some children like to play football in this field.
· Tom and Jerry make some experiments for their presentation tomorrow. (The subject in this sentence is a compound subject which contains more than one subject)
· The professor observes and analyzes the sample of water in the laboratory. (The verb in this sentence is a compound verb which contains more than one verb)
A complement can be added in a simple sentence. But it doesn’t have to have one. A complement can make the verb used in the sentence have complete meaning. It can add more information in the sentence too. There are many types of complements. A complement in a simple sentence may be a noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, or a combination.
Example:
· I borrowed book. (Word book is a noun)
· This book is mine. (Word mine is a pronoun)
· The auditorium is dirty. (Word dirty is an adjective)
· My teacher speaks English fluently. (Word fluently is an adverb)
· My brother lost his laptop. (Word his laptop is a noun phrase)
· I need to go home to study. ( Word to go home to study is a verb phrase)
· That man is come from New Zealand. (Word from New Zealand is a prepositional phrase)
· I borrowed book in the library. (Book + in the library is a combination between noun and prepositional phrase)
2. Compound sentence
A compound sentence is a type of sentence which contains two or more independent clauses joined together. To join each independent clause to be a compound clause, there are three ways to join them:
1. With a coordinator
2. With a conjunctive adverb
3. With a semicolon
1. With a coordinator
Two or more independent clauses can be joined together by adding a coordinator. There is a notice about joining the independent clauses by a coordinator. A comma (,) must be put after the first independent clause. Each coordinator has different function. So, be careful when using a coordinator to make the sentence easy to understand.
A compound sentence can be formed as follows:
Independent Clause, + Coordinator + Independent Clause
Example:
· I watch television, and my mother cook in the kitchen.
· You must come at 9 o’clock, or I will go to the library alone.
2. With a conjunctive verb
A conjunctive verb can be used to join two independent clauses. A semicolon (;) follows the first independence clause, and a comma (,) follows the conjunctive adverb. The conjunctive adverbs express relationship between the clauses. The relationship may be a cause-effect relationship, a contradiction, and many more. The sentence will be wrong or the readers won’t understand the meaning of the sentence if we put wrong conjunctive adverb in order to join the clauses. So, we must add correct conjunctive adverb to join the independent clauses.
A compound sentence can be formed as follows:
Independent Clause; + Conjunctive Adverb, + Independent Clause
Example:
· He has many experiences working in the industrial companies; therefore, he is hired in this office.
· The college students want to take a vacation for a while; however, they have so many assignments to do.
3. With a semicolon
Two independent clauses can be joined without using a coordinator or conjunctive verb. They can be joined by using only a semicolon (;). This kind of compound sentence is possible only when the two independent clauses are closely related in meaning. If they aren’t closely related, they should be written as two simple sentences, each ending with a period. A compound sentence can be formed as follows:
Independent Clause; Independent Clause
Example:
· I work in a telecommunication company; my brother works in a construction company.
· A mouse is walking in the kitchen. The television in the living room is broken. (Two clauses don’t have a close meaning; therefore, they should be written as two simple sentences, separated by a period)
3. Complex sentence
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence is very different from a simple sentence or a compound sentence because it makes clear which ideas are most important. One idea is generally more important than the other idea. The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.
A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. The punctuation used in the complex sentences depends on the type of dependent clause. There are three types of dependent clause used in the complex sentence such as noun phrase, adjective phrase, and adverb phrase.
Example:
· The students are studying because they have a national examination tomorrow.
· Although the television have been repaired by the mechanist, it still broken until now.
· The person who drives the plane is called a pilot.
4. Compound-complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses. Many combinations are possible, and their punctuation requires careful attention.
Example:
· I want to travel abroad after my graduation; however, I must get the job immediately.
The sentence contains two independent sentences (I want to travel abroad and I must get the job immediately) and a dependent clause (my graduation). To join an independent clause and a dependent clause, we use a subordinator (after). The dependent clause is positioned after the independent clause, so we don’t use a comma (,). To join a complex sentence with another independent clause, we use conjunctive adverb (however). We put a semicolon (;) after the compound sentence and a comma (,) after the word however.
· After my graduation, I want to travel abroad, but I must get the job immediately.
The sentence contains two independent sentences and a dependent clause. To join an independent clause and a dependent clause, we use a subordinator (after). The dependent clause is positioned before the independent clause, so we must put a comma (,) after the dependent clause. To join a complex sentence with another independent clause, we can use a coordinator (but). We put a comma (,) before the word but to make a compound-complex sentence.
The sentences are a part of the paragraph. Making a good sentence will affect the paragraph where the sentence is placed. By using a good sentence, the paragraph will be better and easier to read. The readers will enjoy our writing. We can explore our ideas or experiences by write the paragraph.
Now, we have much knowledge about writing the paragraph. We know how to make a clause, how to use subordinator, coordinator, or conjunctive adverb, and finally how to make a sentence. With our knowledge, we can create a better paragraph and our writing skill will be more improved.
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